-
1 ἀξιόω
Aἠξίωκα Isoc.18.24
:—[voice] Med., v. infr. 111.2:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.ἀξιωθήσομαι Id.9.6
, but also : [tense] aor. ἠξιώθην: [tense] pf. ἠξίωμαι: ([etym.] ἄξιος):—think, deem worthy,I c. acc. et gen., whether in good sense, think worthy of a reward,ἡμᾶς ἀξιοῖλόγου E.Med. 962
;ἑαυτὸν τῶν καλλίστων X.An.3.2.7
; or in bad, of a punishment,γοργύρης Hdt.3.145
; ἀ. τινὰ ἀτιμίας Philipp. ap. D.18.166; :—[voice] Pass.,ἀξιεύμενος θυγατρὸς τῆς σῆς Hdt.9.111
; λέχη.. τυράννων ἠξιωμένα deemed worthy of kings, E.Hec. 366;ἀξιοῦσθαι κακῶν Antipho 3.2.10
;τοῦ αὑτοῦ ὀνόματος Pl.Phd. 103e
,al.2 c. acc. only, esteem, honour, S.Aj. 1114, E.Heracl. 918; ἀ. τινὰ προσφθέγμασιν honour one with words, A.Ag. 903; of things, value,οὐκ ἐξἴσου πάσας ἀξιοῦμεν ὑπολήψεις Phld.Herc.1251.12
:—[voice] Pass., : abs.,τύμβον ἀξιούμενον ὁρᾶσθαι Id.Hec. 319
, cf. Th. 5.16.II c.acc. pers. et inf., think one worthy to do or be,σέ τοι ἠξίωσε ναίειν E.Alc. 572
; οὐκ ἀξιῶ ’γὼ ’μαυτὸν ἰσχύειν μέγα Ar.Eq. 182;τί σαυτὸν ἀποτίνειν ἀξιοῖς; Pherecr.93
:—[voice] Pass., Pi. N.10.39, A.Pr. 242; διδάσκαλος ἀξιοῦσθαι to be esteemed as a teacher, Pl.Tht. 161d.2 think fit, expect, require that..,ἀ. τινὰ ἰέναι Hdt. 2.162
;ἀ. τινὰ ἀληθῆ λέγειν Antipho2.3.4
; οὐκ ἀ. [ὑμᾶς] τὰ μὴ δεινὰ ἐν ὀρρωδίᾳ ἔχειν we expect that you do not.., Th.2.89, cf. 3.44;ἀ. σωτηρίαν ἐμοὶ γενέσθαι And.1.143
; ἀ. καὶ παρακαλεῖν τινα c. inf., Decr. ap. D.18.165;ἀ. ἵνα.. Inscr.Prien.53.58
, al.; simply, ask, request, PEleph.19.18, Apollon.Perg.1 Praef. ([voice] Pass.); esp. pray, τὸν θεὸν ὅπως.. Aristeas 245, cf. LXX Je.7.16, SIG1181.1; τὰ -ούμενα prayers, Aristeas 18; also, ask, inquire of an oracle, Ps.-Callisth. 1.3.III c. inf. only, ἀ. κομίζεσθαι, τυγχάνειν think one has a right to receive, expect to receive, Th.1.43,7.15;προῖκα θεωρεῖν ἀ. Thphr. Char.6.4
;ἄλλο τι ἀξιοῖς ἢ ἀποθανεῖν; Lys.22.5
: with a neg., οὐκ ἀξιῶ ὑποπτεύεσθαι I think I do not deserve to be suspected, have a right not to be.., Th.4.86:—[voice] Pass., ὥστε ἀξιοῦσθαι λῃτουργεῖν so as to be required to.., D.27.64; one's duty,Men.
663.2 think fit, expect, consent, resolve, etc., and so in various senses, ἀξιῶ θανεῖν I consent to die, S.OT 944, etc.; dare,ἀξιῶσαι μάχην συνάψαι A.Pers. 335
; deign to do,εἴ τις ἀξιοῖ μαθεῖν Id.Ag. 1661
, cf. S.OT 1413; ἀξιῶ χρήματα λαμβάνειν I do not hesitate to receive, Pl.Hp.Mi. 364d, etc.; οἶμαι πάντας.. φέρειν ἀξιοῦν ἔρανον I think that all should be glad to bring, D.21.101:—freq. with neg., οὐδ' ἀξιῶ μνησθῆναι I do not think them worth mentioning, Hdt.2.20; ;οὐκ ἀξιώσαντες.. τοῦτο παθεῖν Th.1.102
(but ); refusing,X.
Oec.21.4:—also in [voice] Med. (not in [dialect] Att. Prose), ἀξιοῦσθαι μέλειν deign to care for, A.Ag. 370; φονεὺς γὰρ εἶναι ἠξιώσατο thought fit to be, Id.Eu. 425; οὐκ ἀξιεύμεναι ἀναμίσγεσθαι τῇσι ἄλλῃσι not condescending to.., Hdt.1.199; οὐκ ἀξιεύμενος ἐς τὸν.. θρόνον ἵζεσθαι not deeming oneself worthy to.., Id.7.16.3 think, deem,ἀξιοῦντες ἀδικέεσθαι Id.6.87
, cf. S.OC 579, E.HF 1343; ἑκάτεροι νικᾶν ἠξίουν claimed the victory, Th.1.55.IV make a claim, Id.4.58;πάντες καθ' ὑπεροχὴν -οῠσιν Arist.Pol. 1288a23
;ἀξίωσιν ἀ. Plb.38.7.7
; ἀξιοῦν τινά τι make a claim on a person, X.Mem.3.11.12.2 ἐγὼ μὲν οὑτωσὶ περὶ τῆς τύχης ἀξιῶ hold this opinion.., D.18.255; ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἀξιῶ I think not, Id.20.12: in philosophic language, lay down, maintain (cf.ἀξίωμα 11.2
), Arist.APr. 37a10, cf. 41b10, Polystr.p.24 W.; ἐν τῷ τοιῷδε ἀξιοῦντι in such a state of opinion, v.l. in Th.3.43. -
2 οἴομαι
Aοἴομαι Od.10.193
,οἴοιτο 17.580
, 22.12), v. infr.:—the shortd. form [full] οἶμαι is the one chiefly used in Trag., οἴομαι only in A.Ch. 758, S.OC28 ; but οἴομαι is freq. in Ar. (Eq. 407, al.) ; Hdt. does not use either form ; in [dialect] Att. Prose codd. vary, but οἶμαι prevails, and was exclusively used in parenthesis (v. infr. IV): [tense] impf. , Ar.V. 791, etc. ; also 1 pers. , etc.: [tense] fut.οἰήσομαι Lys.30.8
, Pl.R. 397a, etc., laterοἰηθήσομαι Gal.Opt.Doctr.42
:—[dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. [full] ὠϊσάμην (v. infr.): [tense] aor.ὠΐσθην Od.4.453
, 16.475 ; part.ὀϊσθείς Il.9.453
; [dialect] Att. and [dialect] Ion. [tense] aor.ᾠήθην Hp.VM14
, Antipho 1.8, Th.4.130, Pl.Tht. 178c, etc. ; but rare in Com. and Trag., , οἰηθείς, -εῖσα, Antiph.194.2, E. IA 986 ; also [tense] aor. inf.οἰήσασθαι Arat.896
:—[voice] Act., [dialect] Ep. [tense] pres. [full] ὀΐω and [full] οἴω, but only in [ per.] 1sg. (v. infr.) ; [dialect] Lacon.οἰῶ Ar.Lys.81
, 156, 998, Epil. 3. [In the un[var] contr. forms, Hom. uses [pron. full] ῑ inὀΐομαι Il.5.644
,ὀΐεαι 1.561
, Od.10.380,ὀΐεται 17.586
,ὀϊόμεθ' 21.322
,22.165,ὀϊόμενος Il.15.728
, Od. 2.351, al. (οἰόμενος Call.Epigr.8.2
),ὠΐετο Od.10.248
,ὀΐσατο 1.323
,9.213,19.390,ὀϊσάμενος 15.443
(but the v.l. ὀϊσσατο, ὀϊσσάμενος in Hom. can be supported byὀϊσσάμενος A.R.2.1135
, cf. Epic.Alex.Adesp.2.41, Arat.1006, by ὑποίζεσθαι (: ὑπονοεῖν) Hsch., and byὠῐσάμην A.R. 1.291
, ὠΐσατο [pron. full] [ῐ] Mosch.2.8, etc.) ; [voice] Act. [tense] pres. ὀΐω has [pron. full] ῑ when it stands at the end of a line, also in Od.19.215 (in fourth foot), 18.259 (before caesura in third foot) ; but [pron. full] ῐ in Il.1.558, 13.153,23.467, etc. ; οἴω as disyll. is always at the end, exc. in 15.298, 21.533, 23.310.]:—forebode, presage, c. acc.,κῆρας ὀϊομένῳ Il.13.283
;γόον δ' ὠΐετο θυμός Od. 10.248
; expect,ἐελδομένοισι μάλ' ἡμῖν, οὐδ' ἔτ' ὀϊομένοισι 24.401
; suspect,ἤ τι ὀϊσάμενος, ἢ καὶ θεὸς ὣς ἐκέλευσεν 9.339
;ἦ τινά που δόλον ἄλλον ὀΐεαι 10.380
; fear,κατὰ θυμὸν ὀΐσατο, μή ἑ λαβοῦσα οὐλὴν ἀμφράσσαιτο 19.390
;τῷ ἑπόμην.., ὀϊόμενός περ, ἀνάγκῃ 14.298
: abs., αἰεὶ μὲν ὀΐεαι, οὐδέ σε λήθω thou art ever suspecting, Il.1.561 ; , cf. Od.15.443 : folld. by ὡς, καὐτὸς ὀΐεαι ὥς κεν ἐτύχθη you can guess how it would have happened, 3.255, cf. 17.586 : c. acc. et [tense] fut. inf.,ὀΐομαι ἄνδρα χολωσέμεν Il.1.78
; ἅ τιν' οὐ πείσεσθαι ὀΐω ib. 289, cf. 5.252, 284, al. ;τὸ καὶ τελέεσθαι ὀΐω 1.204
;ἀλλ' οὐ νῦν ἐρύεσθαι ὀΐομαι 20.195
: c. acc. et [tense] pres. inf., referring to present time,οὐδέ τι θυμῷ ὠΐσθη δόλον εἶναι Od.4.453
, cf. 10.232 ;ὀΐσατο γὰρ θεὸν εἶναι 1.323
; : c. acc. et [tense] aor. inf., referring to past time,τῇ δ' ὀΐω κατανεῦσαι 1.558
, cf. Od.3.27, al.: the subj. of the inf. must freq. be supplied from the context, διωκέμεναι γὰρ ὀΐω I fear [they] are pursuing me, 15.278, cf. 1.201, 12.212, Il.12.66,al.: c. inf. alone, when both Verbs have the same subject, as κιχήσεσθαι δέ δ' ὀΐω I think I shall catch you, 6.341 ; mean, intend, c. [tense] fut. inf., , cf. 170, Od.19.215 : c. [tense] pres. inf.,οὐ γὰρ ὀΐω ἀνδρῶν δυσμενέων ἑκὰς ἱστάμενος πολεμίζειν Il.13.262
.II impersonal, only Od.19.312, ἀλλά μοι ὧδ' ἀνὰ θυμὸν ὀΐεται there comes a boding into my heart.III think, suppose, believe, freq. in Hom., as Il.1.59,5.644, etc. ; ; οἶμαι γάρ νιν ἱκετεύσειν ( ἱκετεῦσαι codd.) E.IA 462 ; κτήσεσθαι (- σασθαι codd.) Lys.12.19 ; διαπράξεσθαι (- ξασθαι codd.) Id.13.53 ; ; opp. εἰδέναι, Pl.R. 506c4 ;οἴονται, ἴσασι δ' οὐδέν Arist.Rh. 1389b17
, cf.APo. 75a15 : folld. by ὅτι.., Plu.2.90b:—[voice] Pass., that he is the putative father, 784a (Tenos, iv B. C.).IV parenthetically, mostly in first person, ἐν πρώτοισιν, ὀΐω, κείσεται among the first, I ween, will he be lying, Il.8.536 ;ἔπειτά γ', ὀΐω, γνώσεαι Od.16.309
, cf. Il.13.153, Od.2.255, etc.: in Hom. only in act. form ὀΐω, exc.ὀΐομαι Od.22.140
, and perh. 14.363, cf. A.Ch. 758 ; in [dialect] Att. this parenthetic use is prob. confined to the shorter form οἶμαι, [tense] impf. ᾤμην ; rarely in other persons than the first, as οὐκ οἴει ἀναγκασθήσεται; Pl.R. 486c, cf. Tht. 147b ; πόσης οἴεσθε γέμει σωφροσύνης; Id.Smp. 216d.2 expressive of modesty or courtesy, to avoid over-great bluntness of assertion, Id.Grg. 483c, X.Cyr.1.3.11, etc.: even between a Prep. and its case, ;ἐν οἶμαι πολλοῖς D.20.3
; or between Art. and Subst.,οἱ γὰρ οἶμαι βέλτιστοι Id.54.38
.V answering a question, I think so, I should think so, Ar.Ach. 919, etc. ;νὴ τὸν Ἡρακλέα, οἶμαί γε Id.Th.27
;οἶμαι ἔγωγε Pl.Cri. 47d
, etc. ; οἴεσθαί γε χρή one must think so, it would seem so, Id.Prt. 325c, Cri. 53d, Phd. 68b, Grg. 522a.VI [dialect] Att. phrases:1 πῶς οἴει; you can't think how, to add force, like πῶς δοκεῖς ; .2 οἴομαι δεῖν I think it my duty, think fit, hence sts., intend, purpose, λέγειν οἴεται δεῖν ποιεῖν δεινούς his object is to train orators, Pl.Men. 95c, cf. 86b, Tht. 207e ; ; , cf. Pl.Prt. 316c, X.An.2.6.26, Mem.4.6.3,6 ; [ ὁ ἀκόλαστος] οἰόμενος δεῖν [ διώκει τὰ ἡδέα] intentionally, Arist.EN 1152a6, cf. 1136b8, Pl.Hipparch. 225b ; but οἴομαι δὲ δεῖν οὐδέν methinks there is no need, S.OC28 ; and in Pl.Alc.2.144d ἆρ' οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον.. οἰηθῆναι δεῖν.. ἡμᾶς εἰδέναι ἢ τῷ ὄντι εἰδέναι; must we not either think we know or really know? ( δεῖν being superfluous). -
3 δοκέω
Aδοκέεσκον AP5.298
(Agath.): —[voice] Med.,δοκέοντο Opp.C.4.296
: part. δοκεύμενος ib. 109: the [tense] fut. and other tenses are twofold:1 [tense] fut. δόξω and [tense] aor. 1 ἔδοξα Pi.N.4.37, h.Merc. 208, etc.: [tense] pf. δέδοχα inferred from [tense] plpf.ἐδεδόχεσαν D.C.44.26
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.ἐδόχθην Plb.21.10.8
, etc., ([etym.] κατ-) Antipho 2.2.2: [tense] pf.δέδογμαι Hdt.8.100
, etc.: [tense] plpf.ἐδέδοκτο Id.9.74
.2 regul. forms (chiefly Trag., Com., and late Prose), [tense] fut. , Ar.Nu. 562, etc. (once in Hdt., 4.74); [dialect] Dor. δοκησῶ or- ᾱσῶ Theoc.1.150
: [tense] aor. ἐδόκησα, [dialect] Ep.δόκ- Od.10.415
, Pi.O.13.56, A.Th. 1041, Ar.Ra. 1485, etc.: [tense] pf. (lyr.):— [voice] Pass., [tense] aor. (anap.): [tense] pf.δεδόκημαι Pi.N.5.19
, E.Med. 763 (anap.), Ar.V. 726, also in Hdt.7.16.γ; but δεδοκημένος (q. v.) belongs to δέχομαι.I expect (Iterat. of δέκομαι, cf.δέχομαι 11.3
): hence, think, suppose, imagine, (opp. φρονέω, S.Aj. 942 (lyr.), Pherecr.146.4):1 c. acc. et inf.,δοκέω νικησέμεν Ἕκτορα Il.7.192
;οὔ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι Hdt.1.8
, cf. 11,27, al., Antipho 2.4.5, etc.: rarely with inf. omitted, δοκῶ.. οὐδὲν ῥῆμα.. κακὸν [εἶναι] S.El.61; τούτους τι δοκεῖτε [εἶναι] X. An.5.7.26; freq. in relating a dream or vision, τεκεῖν δράκοντ' ἔδοξεν she thought a serpent produced young, A.Ch. 527; ἐδόκουν αἰετὸν.. φέρειν methought an eagle was carrying, Ar.V.15; : with inf. only, ἔδοξ' ἰδεῖν methought I saw, ib. 408;ἔδοξ' ἀκοῦσαι Pl.Prt. 315e
;ἔδοξ' ἐν ὕπνῳ.. οἰκεῖν ἐν Ἄργει E.IT44
(sts. also, as in signf. 11,ἐδοξάτην μοι δύο γυναῖκε.. μολεῖν A. Pers. 181
;ἐν τῷ σταδίῳ.. μέ τις ἐδόκει στεφανοῦν Alex.272.4
).2 abs., have or form an opinion,περί τινος Hdt.9.65
; mostly in parenthetic phrases, ; δοκῶ alone, Hdt.9.65, Ar. Pax47, Pl.Prm. 126b; πῶς δοκεῖς; to call attention to something remarked,τοῦτον, πῶς δοκεῖς; καθύβρισεν E.Hipp. 446
, cf. Hec. 1160, Diph.96, etc.;πόσον δοκεῖς; Ar.Ec. 399
.3 δοκῶ μοι I seem to myself, methinks, c. inf.,ἐγώ μοι δοκέω κατανοέειν τοῦτο Hdt.2.93
, etc.;ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαί τινος X.Cyr.8.7.25
, cf. Oec.6.11; οὔ μοι δοκῶ I think not.., Pl.Tht. 158e; δοκῶ μοι parenthetic, Id.Thg. 121d.b δοκῶ μοι I am determined, resolved, c. inf. [tense] pres., Ar.V. 177, etc.: c. inf. [tense] fut., Aeschin.3.53, etc.: c. inf. [tense] aor., dub. in Ar.Av. 671, etc.: rarely without μοι, think fit, .4 seem, pretend, c. inf. (with or without neg.), ὁρέων μὲν οὐδέν, δοκέων δὲ [ὁρᾶν] dub. l. in Alcm.87;οὔτε ἔδοξε μαθέειν Hdt.1.10
;οὐδὲ γιγνώσκειν δοκῶν Pherecr.163
;τὰ μὲν ποιεῖν, τὰ δὲ δοκεῖν Arist.Pol. 1314a39
;ἤκουσά του λέγοντος, οὐ δοκῶν κλύειν E.Med.67
;πόσους δοκεῖς.. ὁρῶντας.. μὴ δοκεῖν ὁρᾶν; Id.Hipp. 462
, cf. Ar.Eq. 1146, X.HG4.5.6.5 [voice] Pass., to be considered,δοκεῖσθαι οὕτω Pl.R. 612d
; τὰ νῦν δοκούμενα περί τινος the current opinions, ib. 490a.6 [voice] Med., Opp.C.4.296; δοκεύμενος.. ἀλύξειν ib. 109.II of an Object, seem, c. dat. pers. et inf. [tense] pres.,δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν Od.5.342
; δόκησε δ' ἄρα σφίσι θυμὸς ὣς ἔμεν ὡς εἰ .. their heart seemed just as if.., felt as though.., 10.415: c. inf. [tense] fut., seem likely,δοκέει δέ μοι ὧδε λώϊον ἔσσεσθαι Il.6.338
: c. inf. [tense] aor. (never in Hom.), τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (sc. ποιῆσαι); A.Ag. 935; seem or be thought to have done, esp. of suspected persons, Th.2.21; to be convicted, .2 abs., seem, as opp. to reality,τὸ δοκεῖν καὶ τὰν ἀλάθειαν βιᾶται Simon.76
; , cf. Pl.Grg. 527b; in full,τὸ δοκεῖν εἶναι A.Ag. 788
(anap.).4 freq. impers., δοκεῖ μοι it seems to me, methinks,ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα Il.12.215
; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ as I think, A.Th. 369, etc.; τὸ σοὶ δοκοῦν your opinion, Pl.R. 487d: freq. in inf. in parenth. clause, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκέειν to my thinking, Hdt.9.113;δοκέειν ἐμοί Id.1.172
;ἀλλ', ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, τάχ' εἴσει A.Pers. 246
, etc.; without μοι, X.An.4.5.1.b it seems good to me, it is my pleasure,δοκεῖ ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι Th.4.118
, cf. A.Ag. 1350: freq. of a public resolution,τοῖσι Ἕλλησι δόξαι.. ἀπαιτέειν Hdt.1.3
, etc.;ἔδοξεν Ἀργείοισιν A.Supp. 605
, cf. Th. 1010; esp. in decrees and the like , ἔδοξε τῇ βουλῇ, τῷ δήμῳ, Ar.Th. 372, Th.4.118, cf. IG1.32, etc.;τὰ δόξαντα S.El.29
, D.3.14;παρὰ τὸ δοκοῦν ἡμῖν Th.1.84
, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,δέδοκται Hdt.4.68
;οὕτω δέδοκται; S.Ph. 1277
, etc.;εἰ ἐπαινῆσαι δεδόκηται Pi.N.5.19
;δεδόχθω τὸ ἄτοπον τοῦτο Pl.Lg. 799e
, etc.;τοῦτ' ἐστ' ἐμοὶ δεδογμένον E.Heracl.1
;δεδογμέν' [ἐστί].. τήνδε κατθανεῖν S.Ant. 576
, cf. OC 1431;τὰ δεδογμένα Hdt.3.76
;δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ IG22.1.12
, etc. c. acc. abs., δόξαν when it was decreed or resolved,δόξαν αὐτοῖς ὥστε διαναυμαχεῖν Th.8.79
; δόξαν δέ σφι (sc. λιπέσθαι) Hdt.2.148;δόξαν ἡμῖν ταῦτα Pl.Prt. 314c
, cf. X.An.4.1.13; ἰδίᾳ δοκῆσάν σοι τόδ' .. ; E. Supp. 129; alsoδεδογμένον αὐτοῖς Th.1.125
, etc.; but alsoδόξαντος τούτου X.HG1.1.36
; δόξαντα ταῦτα καὶ περανθέντα ib.3.2.19.5 to be reputed, c. inf., Pi.O.13.56, P.6.40;ἄξιοι ὑμῖν δοκοῦντες Th.1.76
; δοκοῦντες εἶναί τι men who are held to be something, men of repute, Pl. Grg. 472a;τὸ δοκεῖν τινὲς εἶναι.. προσειληφότες D.21.213
;τὸ φρονεῖν ἐδόκει τις εἶναι περιττός Plu.Arist.1
;οἱ δοκοῦντες Heraclit.28
(dub.), E.Hec. 295; τὰ δοκοῦντα, opp. τὰ μηδὲν ὄντα, Id.Tr. 613; ; to be an established, current opinion, Arist.APo. 76b24, al.;τὰ δοκοῦντα Id.Metaph. 1088a16
, al.:— [voice] Pass., οἱ δεδογμένοι ἀνδροφόνοι those who have been found guilty of homicide, D.23.28; alsoαἱ δοκούμεναι Πέρσαις τέχναι Polem.Call.60
. (The two senses of δοκέω are sts. contrasted, τὰ ἀεὶ δοκοῦντα.. τῷ δοκοῦντι εἶναι ἀληθῆ that which seems true is true to him who thinks it, Pl.Tht. 158e; τὸ δοκοῦν ἑκάστῳ τοῦτο καὶ εἶναι τῷ δοκοῦντι ib. 162c.) -
4 δοκιμάζω
A assay, test,πορφύραν καὶ χρυσόν Isoc.12.39
;τοὺς οἴνους Arist.EN 1118a28
;τὰ νομίσματα Id.HA 491a21
:—[voice] Med., prove for oneself, choose,χώραν X.Oec.8.10
, cf. Men.532.11 (dub.):— [voice] Pass.,ἐπειδὰν τὸ ἔργον.. δοκιμασθῇ CIG2266.15
([place name] Delos).2 of persons, δ. αὐτούς put them to the test, make trial of them, Isoc.2.50;δ. τοὺς μηνυτάς Th.6.53
;φίλους X.Mem.2.6.1
, cf. PEleph.1.8 (iv B. C.), etc.; also of Apis-bulls, Hdt.2.38.II approve, sanction,μετὰ δεδοκιμασμένου [λόγου] μὴ ξυνέπεσθαι Th.3.38
;ἐψηφίσασθε δοκιμάσαντες τοὺς νόμους, εἶτ' ἀναγράψαι τούτους οἳ ἂν δοκιμασθῶσι And.1.82
;ἄρρενας ἔρωτας Plu.2.11e
; : c. inf., ἐκπονεῖν ἐδοκίμαζε he approved of their working, X.Mem.1.2.4;ἐπειδή.. ἐδοκιμάσθη ταῦτα καλῶς ἔχειν Th.2.35
.2 as a political term,a approve after scrutiny as fit for an office, Lys.16.3, Pl.Lg. 759d, Arist.Ath.45.3:—[voice] Pass., to be approved as fit, Lys.15.6, etc.;δοκιμασθεὶς ἀρχέτω Pl.Lg. 765b
; μου δοκιμαζομένου when I was undergoing a scrutiny, D.21.111; δεδοκιμασμένος [ἰατρός] PFay.106.24 (ii A. D.), cf. PGnom. 201 (ii A. D.): metaph., (ii B. C.);ὑπὲρ τοῦ στεφανωθῆναι δοκιμάζομαι D.18.266
.c examine and admit boys to the class of ἔφηβοι or to the rights of manhood,Ar.
V. 578 ([voice] Pass.), Arist.Ath.42.2, etc.; ;εἰς ἄνδρας δεδοκιμασμένοι Isoc.12.28
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > δοκιμάζω
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5 ὅπως
ὅπως, [dialect] Ep. also and [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὅππως, [dialect] Ion. [full] ὅκως, [dialect] Dor. [full] ὁπῶς acc. to A.D.Adv.173.11: correlat. to ὡς and πῶς.A ADV. OF MANNER, Relat. as, in such manner as, and with interrog. force how, in what manner, rarely indef., v. infr. A. V.B FINAL CONJUNCTION, in such a manner that, in order that.A ADV. OF MANNER, how, as:1 with the ordinary Constr. of the Relat.:a with ind.,ἦ τοι νόστον, ὅπως φρεσὶ σῇσι μενοινᾷς, ὥς τοι Ζεὺς τελέσειεν Od.15.111
;οὕτως ὅ... S.Tr. 330
;ὧδ' ὅ. Id.El. 1301
;οὕτως ὅ. δύνανται Th.7.67
: sts. an analogous word replaces the antec. Adv., με τοῖον ἔθηκεν, ὅπως (for οἷον)ἐθέλει Od.16.208
: freq. without any antec. expressed, ἔλθοι ὅ... ἐθέλω (sc. αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν) 14.172 ;ἔρξον ὅ. ἐθέλεις Il.4.37
, Od.13.145 ;χρῶ ὅ. βούλει X.Cyr.8.3.46
; ποίει ὅ. ἄριστόν σοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ib.4.5.50 ; ὅ. ἔχω as I am, on the spot, S. Ph. 819.b with [tense] fut. ind., esp. after Verbs of seeing, providing, taking care.., in the manner in which, how, that,οἱ Περσικοὶ νόμοι ἐπιμέλονται ὅπως μὴ τοιοῦτοι ἔσονται οἱ πολῖται X.Cyr.1.2.3
; ; .ά, cf. Pl.Ap. 29e ; ;τοῦτο μηχανᾶσθαι ὅπως ἀποφεύξεται πᾶν ποιῶν θάνατον Pl.Ap. 39a
;τούτου στοχαζόμενοι, ὅπως.. ἔσονται Id.Grg. 502e
(cf. infr.111.1 b, etc.): this [tense] fut. ind. may become opt. after a historical tense,ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅπως μήτε ἄσιτοι μήτε ἄποτοί ποτε ἔσοιντο X.Cyr.8.1.43
, cf. HG7.5.3, Cyr.8.1.10, Oec.7.5, Ages.2.8 ; and ὅπως is freq. used interchangeably with such forms as δι' ὧν, ὅτῳ τρόπῳ, etc.,εἰσηγοῦνται μὴ δι' ὧν.. ἀσκήσουσιν, ἀλλ' ὅπως.. δόξουσι Isoc.1.4
, cf. Th.6.11: this sense easily passes into a final sense, so that,τοῦτο ἀπόβαλε οὕτω ὅκως μηκέτι ἥξει Hdt.3.40
; οὕτω δ' (sc. ποίει) , cf. Ar.Ra. 905, X.Cyr.4.5.25, HG 2.4.17 ; v. infr. B.2 with ἄν ([dialect] Ep. κε ) and subj. in indefinite sentences, in whatever way, just as, however,ὅππως κεν ἐθέλῃσιν Il.20.243
(but ὅπως ἐθέλῃσιν (without κε) Od.1.349, 6.189) ;οὕτως ὅκως ἂν καὶ δυνώμεθα Hdt.8.143
;οὕτως ὅπως ἂν αὐτοὶ βούλωνται X.Cyr.1.1.2
, cf. IG22.1.13 (v B. C.), Pl.Phd. 116a, Smp. 174b, etc.b with opt. after historical tenses,οὕτως ὅ. τύχοιεν Th.8.95
;ὅ. βούλοιντο X.HG 2.3.13
; in a gnomic statement,εἰκῇ κράτιστον ζῆν ὅ. δύναιτό τις S. OT 979
: when ἄν appears with the opt., it belongs to the Verb and not to ὅπως, ὅ. ἄν τις ὀνομάσαι τοῦτο however one might think fit to call it, D.13.4.3 a very common phrase is οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. ( οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅπως ) there is no way in which.., it cannot be that,οὐκ ἔστι ὅκως κοτὲ σοὺς δέξονται λόγους Hdt.7.102
, cf. Ar.Pl.18, D.18.208, al.; so οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. οὐ, fieri non potest quin,οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅ. οὐ πιστὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν πτερὸν ἐξήγαγ' S.OC97
, cf. Ar.Ach. 116, Eq. 426, Th. 882, Pl.Ap. 27e ; οὐδαμῶς ὅ. οὐ, in answer, it must positively be so, Id.Tht. 160d ; so alsoοὐκ ἂν γένοιτο τοῦθ' ὅ... οὐ φανῶ S.OT 1058
; οὐ γὰρ γένοιτ' ἄν, ταῦθ' ὅ. οὐχ ὧδ' ἔχειν (anacoluth. for ἔχει or ἕξει) Id.Aj. 378 : so in questions, ἔσθ' ὅ... ἔλθωμεν; Ar.V. 471 (v.l. -οιμεν) ; ἔστιν οὖν ὅ. ὁ τοιοῦτος φιλοσοφήσει; Pl.R. 495a, cf. Phdr. 262b, Tht. 154c : so, besides ind. of all tenses, οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅ. may be folld. by opt. withἄν, οὐ γάρ ἐσθ' ὅπως μί' ἡμέρα γένοιτ' ἂν ἡμέραι δύο Ar.Nu. 1181
, cf. V. 212, Isoc.12.156, Pl.La. 184c: by ind. withἄν, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἂν.. κατέστησαν Isoc. 15.206
, cf. D.33.28 : ἄν is omitted inοὐκ ἔσθ' ὅπως λέξαιμι A.Ag. 620
, cf. E.Alc.52, Ar.V. 471 (v.l. ἔλθωμεν).4 in Trag., etc., like ὡς in comparisons, ;γῄτης ὅπως S.Tr.32
, cf. 442, 683 ;ὅπως δρῦν ὑλοτόμοι σχίζουσι κάρα Id.El.98
(anap.) ; ὅπως ἁ πάνδυρτος ἀηδών ib. 1076 (lyr.), cf. Ph. 777, E.Andr. 1140 ;ὅκως τις καλλίης κάτω κύπτων Herod.3.41
; so in [dialect] Locr. Prose,ὅπω (ς) ξένον IG9(1).334.2
(V B.C.).5 like ὡς or ὅτι, with [comp] Sup. of Advs.,ὅ. ἄριστα A.Ag. 600
, IG12.44.8, etc.; ὅ. ἀνωτάτω as high up as possible, Ar. Pax 207 ; in full, οὕτως ὅ. ἥδιστα (sc. ἔχει) S.Tr. 330.6 with a gen. added, σοῦσθε ὅ. ποδῶν run as you are off for feet, i. e. as quick as you can, A.Supp. 837 (lyr., where however < ἔχετε> shd. prob. be added); v. infr. 111.10, ἔχω (A) B. 11.2b.7 sts. of Time, when,Τρῶες.. ὅπως ἴδον αἷμ' Ὀδυσῆος.., ἐπ' αὐτῷ πάντες ἔβησαν Il.11.459
, cf. 12.208, Od.3.373: freq. in Hdt. with opt., whenever, , cf. 68, 100, 162, 186, 2.13, 174, al.: in Trag. and Com., A.Pers. 198, S.El. 749, Tr. 765, Ar.Nu. 60 : with [comp] Sup. of Advs.,ὅ. πρῶτα
as soon as,Hes.
Th. 156 ;ὅ. ὤκιστα Thgn.427
;ὅ. τάχιστα A.Pr. 230
.8 of Place, where, dub. in Herod.3.75.II ὅπως is sts. used to introduce the substance of a statement, after Verbs of saying, thinking, or perceiving, that, how,λόγῳ ἀνάπεισον ὅκως.. Hdt.1.37
;οὐδὲ φήσω ὅκως.. Id.2.49
, cf. 3.115, 116 ;τοῦτ' αὐτὸ μή μοι φράζ', ὅπως οὐκ εἶ κακός S.OT 548
, cf. Ant. 223, Pl.Euthd. 296e ; after ἐλπίζειν, S.El. 963, E.Heracl. 1051 ; after Verbs of emotion, ἐμοὶ δ' ἄχος.., ὅπως δὴ δηρὸν ἀποίχεται grief is mine, when I think how.. (i. e. that..), Od.4.109, cf. S.Ph. 169 (lyr.); after θαυμάζω freq. in [dialect] Att.,θαυμάζω ὅ. ποτὲ ἐπείσθησαν Ἀθηναῖοι X.Mem.1.1.20
, cf. Pl.Cri. 43a.2 οὐχ ὅ... ἀλλὰ or ἀλλὰ καὶ.. is not only not.. but.., and is expld. by an ellipsis of λέγω or ἐρῶ (cf. ὅτι IV), οὐχ ὅ. κωλυταὶ.. γενήσεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ.. δύναμιν προσλαβεῖν περιόψεσθε not only will you not become.., but you will also.., Th.1.35, cf. X.HG5.4.34, D.6.9 ;οὐχ ὅ. ὑμῖν τῶν αὑτοῦ τι ἐπέδωκεν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ὑμετέρων πολλὰ ὑφῄρηται Lys.30.26
;οὐχ ὅ. τούτων χάριν ἀπέδοσαν, ἀλλ' ἀπολιπόντες ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων συμμαχίαν εἰσῆλθον Isoc.14.27
, cf. D.18.131, 53.13 ;οὐ γὰρ ὅπως.., ἀλλὰ καὶ.. Id.21.11
;οὔκουν ὅπως.., ἀλλὰ.. X.Cyr.8.2.12
; alsoοὐχ ὅ..., ἀλλ' οὐδέ.., οὐχ ὅ. ἀδικοῦντες, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἐπιδημοῦντες ἐφυγαδευόμεθα Id.HG2.4.14
;οὐχ ὅ. τῆς κοινῆς ἐλευθερίας μετέχομεν, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ δουλείας μετρίας τυχεῖν ἠξιώθημεν Isoc.14.5
;διμοιρίαν λαμβάνων ἐν ταῖς θοίναις οὐχ ὅπως ἀμφοτέραις ἐχρῆτο, ἀλλὰ διαπέμπων οὐδετέραν αὑτῷ κατέλειπε X.Ages.5.1
;οὐχ ὅ. ζημιοῦν, ἀλλὰ μηδ' ἀτιμάζειν.. Th.3.42
: so sts. μὴ ὅ. (where an imper. must be supplied), μὴ ὅ. ὀρχεῖσθαι ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ὀρθοῦσθαι ἐδύνασθε do not think that you could dance = so far from being able to dance, X.Cyr.1.3.10.b οὐχ ὅ. rarely follows another clause, to say nothing of.., let alone..,πεπαύμεθ' ἡμεῖς, οὐχ ὅ. σε παύσομεν S.El. 796
; μηδ' ἐμπίδα, οὐχ ὅπως ταῦρον ἔτι ἄρασθαι δυνάμενος.. let alone a bull, Luc.Cont.8, cf. Prom.8, Pr.Im.7, Pisc. 31.1 with ind.,aἔσπετε νῦν μοι ὅππως δὴ.. πῦρ ἔμπεσε νηυσίν Il.16.113
;εἴπ' ἄγε μ'.. ὅππως τούσδ' ἵππους λάβετον 10.545
;εὖ μοι κατάλεξον ὅπως ἤντησας Od.3.97
;ὅπως ἠφανίσθη οὐδὲ λόγῳ εἰκότι δύνανται ἀποφαίνειν Antipho 5.26
;Ἀλκιβιάδης ἀνήχθη.. ἐπὶ κατασκοπὴν.. τοῦ οἴκαδε κατάπλου ὅπως ἡ πόλις πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔχοι X.HG1.4.11
; , etc.b notably [tense] fut. after Verbs of deliberation (like the subj., v. infr. 2), ; φράζευ ὅπως Δαναοῖσιν ἀλεξήσεις κακὸν ἦμαρ (v.l. ἀλεξήσῃς) 9.251, cf. Od.13.376, 386, 19.557, 20.29,39.2 with deliberative subj. after Verbs of deliberation, taking care, and the like ,λεύσσει ὅπως ὄχ' ἄριστα.. γένηται Il.3.110
; ἐνόησεν (gnomic [tense] aor.)ὅππως κέρδος ἔῃ 10.225
;ἀλλ' ἄγεθ' ἡμεῖς οἵδε περιφραζώμεθα πάντες νόστον ὅπως ἔλθῃσι Od.1.77
, cf. 13.365 ;οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως.. φῶ S.OT 1367
, cf. Aj. 428, Lys.8.5, Pl.Men. 91d ;ἐπιμελητέον ὅπως τρέφωνται οἱ ἵπποι X.Eq.Mag.1.3
, cf. Oec.7.36,37,9.14, 15.1, Pl.Grg. 515c.—Sts. the [tense] fut. and subj. are conjoined without difference of meaning,ἐπράττετο γὰρ.., πρῶτον μὲν ὅπως μὴ περιμείνητε.., δεύτερον δὲ ὅπως ψηφιε̄σθε.., τρίτον δὲ ὅπως μὴ ἔσται Aeschin.3.65
, cf. X. Ages.7.7, Mem.2.2.10.—On ὅπως ἄν (κεν), v. infr. 5.3 with opt. after tenses of past time, τῶν ἀδῄλων ὅπως ἀποβήσοιτο ib.1.3.2, etc.: after Verbs of deliberation, being virtually orat. obliq., μερμήριξε.. Ἥρη ὅπως ἐξαπάφοιτο (orat. rect. πῶς ἐξαπάφωμαι;) Il.14.160 ;μερμήριζεν ὅπως ἀπολοίατο πᾶσαι νῆες Od.9.554
, cf. 420 ;οὐ γὰρ εἴχομεν.. ὅπως δρῶντες καλῶς πράξαιμεν S.Ant. 271
; , cf. 13.32, X.Cyr.6.2.11.4 with opt. and ἄν freq. expressing a wish, which in orat. rect. would be expressed byπῶς ἄν, σκόπει ὅ. ἂν ἀποθάνοιμεν ἀνδρικώτατα Ar.Eq.81
(v.l. ἀποθάνωμεν), cf. Nu. 760 ;βουλευόμενοι ὅ. ἂν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν λάβοιεν τῆς Ἑλλάδος X.HG7.1.33
, cf. Cyr.2.1.4 ; τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιμελεῖται ὅ. ἂν θηρῷεν (v.l. -ῶσιν) ib.1.2.10: the opt. with ἄν and subj. sts. appear in consecutive clauses, Id.HG3.2.1.5 ὅπως ἄν (κεν) with the subj. is used after imper. or inf. used as imper., ;φράζεσθαι.., ὅππως κε μνηστῆρας.. κτείνῃς 1.295
;σκοπεῖτε.., ὅ. ἂν ὑμῖν πρᾶγος εὖ νικᾷ τόδε A.Supp. 233
, etc.;φύλασσε.. ἔπειθ' ὅ. ἂν.. ἡ χάρις.. ἐξ ἁπλῆς διπλῆ φανῇ S.Tr. 618
, cf. E.IA 539 : in Prose,ἐπιμεληθῆναι ὅ. ἂν.. X.Cyr.8.3.6
, cf. Pl.Prt. 326a;μηχανᾶσθαι Id.Phdr. 239b
, Grg. 481a, cf. Ar.Eq. 917.6 rarely c. inf.,ἐπιμελήθητε προθύμως ὅπως διπλάσια.. σῖτα καὶ ποτὰ παρασκευασθῆναι X.Cyr.4.2.37
(v.l. -εσκευασμένα ᾖ), cf. Oec.7.29, HG6.2.32; so later ὅπως παρακολουθῆμεν ([dialect] Dor. inf.) Supp.Epigr.1.170.18 (cf. p.138, Delph., ii B. C.); ὅπως.. ἔχειν, ὅπως.. εἴργεσθαι, D.S.20.4,85;ὅπως πέμπιν PTeb.315.30
(ii A. D.).7 after Verbs of fear and caution, ὅπως and ὅπως μή are used with [tense] fut. ind. or [tense] aor. subj. :— the readings are freq. uncertain: the following (among others) are made certain either by the metre or the form,a with [tense] fut. ind.,δέδοιχ' ὅπως μὴ τεύξομαι Ar.Eq. 112
;παντὶ λόγῳ ἀντιτείνετε εὐλαβούμενοι ὅπως μὴ.. οἰχήσομαι Pl.Phd. 91c
;φόβος.. ἔστιν.. ὅπως μὴ αὖθις διασχισθησόμεθα Id.Smp. 193a
: sts. the preceding Verb is omitted,ὅπως μὴ οὐκ.. ἔσομαι Id.Men. 77a
.b with [tense] aor. subj.,τὴν θεὸν δ' ὅ. λάθω δέδοικα E.IT 995
;φυλάττου, ὅ. μὴ εἰς τοὐναντίον ἔλθῃς X.Mem.3.6.16
: rarely with [tense] pres.,οὐ φοβεῖ ὅ. μὴ ἀνόσιον πρᾶγμα τυγχάνῃς πράττων Pl.Euthphr.4e
: sts. the preceding Verb is omitted, with [tense] aor. subj.,ὅκως μή τι ὑμῖν πανώλεθρον κακὸν ἐς τὴν χώρην ἐσβάλωσι Hdt.6.85
: with [tense] pres. subj.,ὅπως μὴ.. ᾖ τοῦτο Pl.Cra. 430d
.c with opt. representing subj. after a historical tense, X. Mem.2.9.3.8 this Constr. is used in admonitions or commands: in the orig. Constr. a Verb implying caution or circumspection precedes,ὅρα ὅκως μή σευ ἀποστήσονται Πέρσαι Hdt.3.36
;ἄθρει.. ὅπως μὴ ἐκδύσεται Ar.V. 141
; τηρώμεσθ' ὅπως μὴ.. αἰσθήσεται ib. 372 : but this came to be omitted, and ὅπως or ὅπως μή with [tense] fut. ind. or [tense] aor. subj. are exactly = the imper.,ἔμβα χὤπως ἀρεῖς Id.Ra. 378
(lyr.): most freq. with [tense] fut. ind., ὅκως λόγον δώσεις τῶν μετεχείρισας χρημάτων, = δίδου λόγον, Hdt.3.142 ; ὅπως παρέσει μοι, = πάρισθι, Ar.Av. 131 ;ὅπως πετήσει Id. Pax77
, cf. X.An.1.7.3, Lys.1.21, 12.50, Pl.Grg. 489a, etc.: rarely with I pers.,ὁποῖα κισσὸς δρυός, ὅπως τῆσδ' ἕξομαι E.Hec. 398
, cf. Ar.Ec. 297 (lyr.): very rarely with [tense] aor. subj.,ὅπως μή τι ἡμᾶς σφήλῃ Pl.Euthd. 296a
codd.;ὅπως μὴ.. ἐξαπατήσῃ Id.Prt. 313c
;ὅπως μὴ ποιήσητε D.4.20
codd.—The codd. freq. vary, as between διδάξεις and ; τιμωρήσονται and- ωνται Th.1.56
; πράξομεν and - ωμεν ib.82 ; θορυβήσει and- σῃ D.13.14
, etc.—Since the [tense] fut. is frequently, and the [tense] aor. (whether 1 or 2) rarely guaranteed by metre or form, the [tense] aor. 1 forms shd. prob. be rejected, both in signf. 7 and 8, in cases where codd. vary.9 as the echo to a preceding πῶς; in dialogue, A καὶ πῶς; B ὅπως; [do you ask] how? Ar. Eq. 128; A πῶς με χρὴ καλεῖν; B ὅπως; Id.Nu. 677, cf. Pl. 139.IV in direct questions, how? ἔπραξας ὅπως; Jul.Ep.82p.106B.-C.; cf. ὅστις.V indef., anyhow, τὸ οὐδ' ὅ. the expression 'not at all', Pl.Tht. 183b (v.l. οὐδ' οὕτως).B FINAL CONJUNCTION, that, in order that, the original notion of modality being merged in that of purpose or design, cf. ἵνα, with which it is sts. interchanged, Antipho 1.23 and 24, And.3.14, Lycurg. 119 sq.:—in early [dialect] Att. Inscrr. only ὅπως ἄν is used, IG12.39.19, al. ; ὅπως without ἄν only once in cent. iv B. C., ib.22.226.42 (343 B.C.), after which it becomes gradually prevalent:1 with subj.,a after primary tenses, or after subj. or imper.,τὸν δὲ μνηστῆρες.. λοχῶσιν, ὅπως ἀπὸ φῦλον ὄληται Od.14.181
, cf. A.Ch. 873, S.Ph. 238, El. 457, X.Mem.2.10.2, etc.b after historical tenses (v.ἵνα B. 1.1b
), when there is no [tense] pf. form, or when the [tense] aor. represents the [tense] pf., ξυνελέγημεν ἐνθάδε, ὅ. προμελετήσωμεν we were convened, i. e. we have met in assembly, Ar.Ec. 117 ;παρήλθομεν.., ὅπως μὴ χεῖρον βουλεύσησθε Th.1.73
; also when the occurrence purposed is regarded from the point of view of the person purposing, ἦλθον πρεσβευσόμενοι, ὅπως μὴ σφίσι.. τὸ αὐτῶν [ναυτικὸν] ἐμπόδιον γένηται ib.31, cf. 57,65, etc.: sts. the opt. and subj. appear in consecutive clauses,φρυκτοὺς παρεσκευασμένους ἐς αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ὅπως ἀσαφῆ τὰ σημεῖα.. ᾖ καὶ μὴ βοηθοῖεν Id.3.22
, cf. 6.96, 7.17.2 with opt. after historical tenses,πὰρ δέ οἱ αὐτὸς ἔστη, ὅπως.. κῆρας ἀλάλκοι Il.21.548
; more freq. in Od., as 13.319, 14.312, 18.160, 22.472; so in S.OT 1005, OC 1305, X.Cyr.1.4.25, Pl.Ti. 77e, etc.: after historical [tense] pres.,πέμπει τούσδ' ὅπως κτείνοιεν A.Pers. 450
;ἡγεμόνα πέμπει ὅπως ἄγοι X.An.4.7.19
: after opt.,ἔλθοι.. ὅ. γένοιτο A.Eu. 297
, cf. S.Aj. 1221 (lyr.).3 with ind.,a of historical tenses, where the principal clause expresses an action or obligation unfulfilled,εἴθ' εἶχε φωνὴν ἔμφρον' ἀγγέλου δίκην, ὅ. δίφροντις οὖσα μὴ 'κινυσσόμην A.Ch. 196
, cf. S.El. 1134: rare in Prose,ἐδεξάμην ἃν.. φράσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς.., ὅ... προῄδετε And.2.21
; τίς οὐκ ἂν.. ταῦτα ἐδήλωσεν, ὅ... ταῦτα ἠλέγχθη; D.36.20;οὐκοῦν ἐχρῆν σε Πηγάσου ζεῦξαι πτερόν, ὅ. ἐφαίνου τοῖς θεοῖς τραγικώτερος Ar. Pax 135
; τί.. οὐκ ἔρριψ' ἐμαυτὴν.. ὅ. ἀπηλλάγην; A.Pr. 749.b of [tense] fut., θέλγει, ὅ. Ἰθάκης ἐπιλήσεται (= φραζομένη ὅπως ἐ.) Od.1.57, cf. Il.1.136 ;[χρὴ] ἀναβιβάζειν ἐπὶ τὸν τροχὸν τοὺς ἀπογραφέντας, ὅ. μὴ πρότερον νὺξ ἔσται And.1.43
;ἐμισθώσατο τοῦτον.., ὅ. συνερεῖ D.19.316
: sts. [tense] fut. ind. and [tense] aor. subj. are conjoined,σιγᾶθ', ὅ. μὴ πεύσεταί τις, ὦ τέκνα, γλώσσης χάριν δὲ πάντ' ἀπαγγείλῃ τάδε A. Ch. 265
.II ὅπως c. subj. is sts. used after Verbs of will and endeavour, instead of the inf.,λίσσεσθαι.. ὅ. νημερτέα εἴπῃ Od.3.19
;αἰτεῖσθαι ὅ. μὴ καταψηφίσησθε Antipho 1.12
; δεήσεται.., ὅ. δίκην μὴ δῷ ib.23 ;ὅ. μὴ ἀποθάνῃ ἠντεβόλει Lys.1.29
; παρακελεύεσθε ὑμῖναὐτοῖς ὅ... ἐξίητε Lycurg.127
( ἔξιτε Rehdantz): withἄν, δεῖταί μου σφόδρα ὅπως ἂν οἰκουρῇ Ar.Ach. 1060
, cf. Hdt.2.126, 3.44 ;διεκελεύετο ὅπως ἂν.. ἐγγράφωσί με Is.7.27
; so δεῖ σ' ὅ. δείξεις (for δεῖξαι), S.Aj. 556, may be expld. as ellipsis for δεῖ σ' ὁρᾶν (σκοπεῖν) ὅπως, cf. Id.Ph.55 ;δεῖ σ' ὅπως.. μηδὲν διοίσεις.. Cratin.108
. -
6 ἡγέομαι
Aἁγώμενος Hymn.Curet.4
), [tense] impf. ἡγούμην ll.12.28, etc., [dialect] Ion.- εύμην Hdt.2.115
,ἡγέοντο Id.9.15
: [tense] fut.ἡγήσομαι Il.14.374
, etc.: [tense] aor. 1ἡγησάμην Od.14.48
, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἡγήθην in pass. sense, PGiss.48.20 (iii A.D.) (cf. περιηγ-): [tense] pf.ἥγημαι Hdt.1.126
, 2.115,ἅγημαι Pi.P.4.248
:—go before, lead the way,ὣς εἰπὼν ἡγεῖθ', ἡ δ' ἕσπετο Παλλὰς 'Αθήνη Od.1.125
;ἂν πάϊς ἡγήσαιτο νήπιος 6.300
, etc.;πρόσθεν δὲ.. Ἶρις ἡγεῖτ' Il.24.96
;ἡγοῦ πάροιθε E. Ph. 834
;ἡ. ἐπὶ νῆα Od.13.65
;ἐς τεῖχος Il.20.144
;κλισίηνδε Od.14
. 48, cf. Hdt.2.93, etc.;ἡγησόμενος οὐδεὶς ἔσται X.An.2.4.5
: Astron., precede in the daily movement, Autol.2.3, al.b c. dat. pers.,Τρωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι Il.22.101
;ἐκ Δουλιχίου.. ἡγεῖτο μνηστῆρσι Od.16.397
; ;ἡ. τοῖς πολίταις πρὸς ἀρετήν X.Ages.10.2
.c with ὁδόν added, ὁδὸν ἡγήσασθαι to go before on the way, Od.10.263;ἡ. τινὶ τὴν ὁδόν Hdt.9.15
.d c. acc. loci, ἥ οἱ.. πόλιν ἡγήσαιτο who might guide him to the city, Od.6.114, cf. 7.22, 15.82;ἡ. βωμοὺς ἀστικούς A.Supp. 501
.e ἅρματα ἡ. drive chariots, Philostr.Im.2.23.f of logical priority, to be antecedent, opp. ἕπεσθαι, Stoic.2.71, 88, S.E. M.8.110, al., Dam.Pr. 241, Phlp. in GC195.13, in Ph.496.14.g ἡγούμενον, τό, the leading principle, the main thing, Ph.Bel.63.14, cf. Sosip.1.47.2 c. dat. pers. et gen. rei, to be one's leader in a thing,θεῖος ἀοιδὸς.. ἡμῖν ἡγείσθω.. ὀρχηθμοῖο Od.23.134
; ἡ. τινὶ σοφίας, ᾠδῆς, Pi.P.l.c., Pl.Alc.1.125d;ἀλήθεια δὴ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν θεοῖς ἡγεῖται πάντων δὲ ἀνθρώποις Id.Lg. 730c
;ἡ. τοῦ χοροῦ Πέρσαις X.Cyr.8.7.1
, cf. Call.Del. 313: c. gen. rei, ἁ. νόμων to lead the song, Pi.N.5.25;φρόνησις ἡ. τοῦ ὀρθῶς πράττειν Pl.Men. 97c
;ἡ. παντὸς καὶ λόγου καὶ ἔργου X.Mem.2.3.15
: also,τὸ ὀρθῶς τοῖς τοιούτοις χρῆσθαι ἐπιστήμη ἦν ἡγουμένη Pl.Euthd. 281a
.3 c. dat. rei, to be leader in.., κερδοσύνῃ, νηπιέῃσι ἡ. τινί, Il.22.247, Od.24.469.4 c. acc. rei, lead, conduct,ἡ. τὰς πομπάς D.21.174
; τὴν ἀποδημίαν (v.l. for ᾐτήσατο) Dinon 7; : with adverbial acc.,ἡ γλῶσσα πάνθ' ἡγουμένη S.Ph.99
.5 part. ἡγούμενος, η, ον, as Adj., σκέλη ἡγούμενα, opp. ἑπόμενα, the front legs, Arist.IA 713b6; ὁ ἡ. πούς the advanced foot, Id.Fr.74.II lead, command in war, c. dat.,νῆες θοαί, ᾗσιν 'Αχιλλεὺς ἐς Τροίην ἡγεῖτο Il.16.169
, cf. Od.14.238; οὐ γὰρ ἔην ὅς τίς σφιν ἐπὶ στίχας ἡγήσαιτο might lead them to their ranks, Il.2.687;ἡ. Τρώεσσιν ἐς Ἴλιον 5.211
;ἡ. Μῄοσιν 2.864
; ;ἑτέροις Lys. 31.17
, cf. X.An.5.2.6;ἐν ταῖς στρατείαις, αἷς ἡγεῖται βασιλεύς Isoc. 12.180
: also generally,πόλει E.Fr.282.24
; but usu. c. gen.,Σαρπηδὼν δ' ἡγήσατ'.. ἐπικούρων Il.12.101
;ἡγήσατο λαῶν 15.311
, cf. 2.567, al.;ἡ. τῆς ἐξόδου Th.2.10
; : abs., to be in command, Id.16.21, etc.2 rule, have dominion, c. gen., τῆς 'Ασίης, τῆς συμμαχίης, Hdt.1.95, 7.148;οἱ Θεσσαλίης ἡγεόμενοι Id.9.1
: abs., οἱ ἡγούμενοι the rulers, S. Ph. 386, cf. A.Ag. 1363;ἡ. ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς
leading men,Act.Ap.
15.22; ἡ. σχολῆς to be the head of a philosophical school, Phld.Acad. Ind.p.107 M., al.3 as official title, ἡγούμενος, ὁ, president,συνόδου PGrenf.2.67.3
(iii A.D.); γερδίων ib.43.9 (i A.D.);ἱερέων PLond. 2.281.2
(i A.D.): abs., PFay.110.26 (i A.D.).b of Roman governors, ἡ. ἔθνους,= Lat. praeses provinciae, POxy.1020.5 (ii/iii A.D.);ἡ. τῆς Γαλατίας Luc.Alex.44
.c of subordinate officials,ἡ. τοῦ στρατηγοῦ POxy.294.19
(i A.D.);κώμης PRyl.125.3
(i A.D.).III post-Hom., believe, hold, Hdt. (usu. in [tense] pf. ἥγημαι, [ per.] 3pl. ἡγέαται), etc.;ἡ. τι εἶναι Id.1.126
, al.;ἡγεῖσθε δὲ [θεοὺς] βλέπειν.. πρὸς τὸν εὐσεβῆ βροτῶν S.OC 278
, cf. Th.2.89, Ar.Nu. 1020 (lyr.), etc.2 with an attributive word added, ἡ. τινὰ βασιλέα hold or regard as king, Hdt.6.52; ; , cf. 905; ἡ. τἄλλα πάντα δεύτερα to hold everything else secondary, S.Ph. 1442; οὐκ αἰσχρὸν ἡγῇ.. τὰ ψευδῆ λέγειν; ib. 108, cf. Ant. 1167;τὰς τούτων ἀπορίας ἀντιπάλους ἡ. τῷ ἡμετέρῳ πλήθει Th.4.10
;περὶ πολλοῦ ἥγημαι μὴ ξεινοκτονέειν Hdt.2.115
;περὶ πλείονος Isoc.19.10
;περὶ πλείστου Th.2.89
;περὶ οὐδενός Lys.7.26
; παρ' οὐδέν Decr. ap. D.18.164: c. part., .3 esp. of belief in gods,τὴν μεγίστην δαίμονα ἥγηνται εἶναι Hdt.2.40
, cf. 3.8; ἡ. θεούς to believe in gods, Ar.Eq.32, E.Hec. 800, Ba. 1326;δαίμονας ἡ. Pl.Ap. 27d
.4 ἡγοῦμαι δεῖν think fit, deem necessary, c. inf., And.1.23, D.1.20: without δεῖν, παθεῖν μᾶλλον ἡγησάμενοι ἤ .. Th.2.42 (s.v.l.);ἡγησάμην διατάγματι αὐτοὺς σωφρονίσαι Inscr.Magn.114
(ii A.D.);ἡγήσατο ἐπαινέσαι Pl.Prt. 346b
.IV [tense] pf. in pass. sense, τὰ ἁγημένα,= τὰ νομιζόμενα, Orac. ap. D.43.66; ἡγεόμενον being led, Hdt.3.14 ( ἀγόμενον Dind.): hence act. form ἡγέω, Hdn.Gr.2.950. ( sāg-, cf. Lat. praesagio.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἡγέομαι
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7 τακτικός
A fit for ordering, or arranging, esp. in war, τ. ἀνήρ tactician, X.Cyr.8.5.15; τακτικὸν ἡγεῖσθαί τι to think it a good piece of tactics, ibid.; οἱ τ. ἀριθμοί the regular battalions, ib.3.3.11: ἡ τακτική (sc. τέχνη) the art of tactics, Nicom.Com.1.37; τὰ τ. X.Cyr. 1.6.14, etc.; τ. ὑπόμνημα Aen.Tact.tit. (interpol.); τακτικόν, title of work by Democr. (Fr.28b). Adv. [comp] Comp. - ώτερον v.l. for τατικ- in Sch.E.Ph. 1141.2 generally, regulating,δογμάτων M.Ant. 1.9
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τακτικός
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8 ἐμπάζομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `care about something, for something' (Il.; mostly with negation);Other forms: only pres.Etymology: No good etymology. Connection with ἔμπης `in any case' (s. v.) is semantically difficult. Because of the Swed. expression for `care for something' fästa sig vid något prop. "to attach yourself to" one might think of an original *ἐμ-πάγ-ι̯ομαι, to ἐμ-πᾰγῆναι (Ion. πᾰκ-τός, πᾰκτοῦν). - Not with Lagercrantz KZ 34, 392ff. from *ἔμπω after μαπέειν `take' (formally impossible). Unclear ἐμπαστῆρας μύθων πιστωτάς, μάρτυρας H., which Latte corrects in *ἐμπιστῆρας. - A.Β. (RPh. 70, 1996) connects * peh₂- `protect' (Beekes, Development 173); but cf. Pok. 787 *peh₂k\/g- `fit together'.Page in Frisk: 1,505Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐμπάζομαι
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9 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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10 ποιέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to do, to make, to produce, to poetize, to act', in midd. also `to choose, to deem, to appraise' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. ποιῆσαι, fut. ποιήσω, perf. midd. πεποίημαι (all Il.), act. πεποίηκα, aor. pass. ποιηθῆναι (IA.), fut. ποιηθήσομαι (D.), πεποιήσομαι (Hp.).Compounds: Often w. prefix in diff. senses, e.g. ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ἐν-, περι-, προσ-. As 2. member - ποιός in unlimited productive syntheta, e.g. λογοποιός m. `historian, fabulist, newsmonger' (IA.) with λογοποι-έω, - ία, - ικός, - ημα.Derivatives: 1. ποίημα ( προσ-, περι-) n. `production, work, poem' (IA.) with - ημάτιον (Plu.), - ηματικός `poetic' (Plu.); 2. ποίησις ( προσ-, περι-, ἐκ- a.o.) f. `creation, production, poetry' (IA.); on the meaning of ποί-ημα, - ησις Ardizzoni Riv. fil. class. 90, 225 ff.. Chantraine Form. 287. 3. ποιητός ( προσ-, ἐκ- etc.) `made, produced' (Il.), also `made artificially, not naturally' = `adopted' (Pl., Arist.); Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 19 f. 4. ποιητής m. (IA.), f. - ήτρια (hell.), `creator, producer, poet', esp. of Homer, with - ητικός `creating, poetic', ἡ -ητική ( τέχνη) `the art of poetry' (Pl., Arist.), - ητικεύομαι `to speak poetically etc.' (Eust., sch.). 5. ποιησείω desid. `to wish to do' (Hdn.).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably]Etymology: Decisive for the morphological evaluation of ποιέω are some dialectic aorist-forms: Arg. ποιϜέ̄σανς, ἐποίϜε̄hε, ἐποιϜέ̄θε̄, Boeot. ἐποίϜε̄σε, to which pres. opt. El. [πο]ιϜέοι (beside repeated ποιέοι). Acc. to usual interpretation (lit. in Bq and WP. 1, 510) ποιϜέω is derived from a noun *ποιϜός, which would be found in ἀρτο-ποιός a.o. An independent noun *ποιϜός cannot however be deduced from the 2. member, as the relevant adjectives seems recent and may have been derived from the verbal expressions ( τοξοφόρ-ος: τόξον φέρειν, λογογράφ-ος: λόγον γράφειν etc.). One might think that in the simplex we have a compound of - ποιέω that was made independent (Schwyzer 726 n. 7). -- The general meaning `make, create' may have arisen from the most different concrete special meanings. Nothing forbids to connect a verbal noun *ποι-Ϝός with u̯o-suffix (Schwyzer 472) with a verb `heap, accumulate, fit together', which is preserved in Indo-Iran., e.g. Skt. cinóti, and also has representatives in Slav., e.g. OCS činъ ' τάξις' with činiti `order, form'; IE kʷei- (WP. 1, 509f., Pok. 637f.). It is however obvious to combine, the u̯-element in *ποιϜός with the u̯-element in cinóti: so ποιϜέω from *kʷoi̯-u̯-éi̯ō beside cinóti from *kʷi-n-éu̯-ti approx. as Goth. straujan 'strew' from *strou̯-éi̯ō beside Skt. str̥ṇóti `strew' from *str̥-n-éu̯-ti (s. στόρνυμι) or Goth. - walwjan `revolve' beside Skt. vr̥ṇóti `envelop' and εἰλύω `id.' (*u̯ol-u-éi̯ō: *u̯l-n-éu̯-ti). In such an analysis ποιέω would appear like Goth. straujan, walwjan as an iterative deverbative and one would be liberated from the not quite reliable noun *ποιϜός. Of course the syntheta in - ποιός can then be connected with a primares verb (δρῠ-τόμ-ος: δόρυ τάμνειν). -- On the meaning of ποιέω and other verba faciendi cf. Braun Stud. itfllcl. N. S. 15, 243 ff.; also Valesio Quaderni dell'Istituto di Glottologia (Bologna) 5 (1960) 97 ff. Cf. also the lit. on δράω and πράσσω. Older lit. in Bq.Page in Frisk: 2,570-572Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ποιέω
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11 σκάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to dig, to dig out, to work the earth', κατα- σκάπτω `to inter, to bury', usu. `to demolish, to raze to the ground, to destroy' (h. Merc., Pi.).Other forms: Aor. σκάψαι (IA.), fut. σκάψω, perf. ἔσκαφα, midd. ἔσκαμμαι (Att.), aor. pass. σκαφ-ῆναι (E., hell.), fut. - ήσομαι (J. a. o.),Compounds: Often w. prefix, esp. κατα-.Derivatives: Several derivv. (on the forms with φ cf. bel.): 1. σκάφη f. `winnow, bowl, trough, dish', also `ship' (IA.); σκάφος n. `hull of a ship', poet. also `ship' (IA.), rarely (as nom. act.) `the digging' (Hes. Op. 572, Gp.). 2. Diminut.: σκαφ-ίς, - ίδος f. `cup' (ι 223, Hp., Ar. a. o.), also `barge' and `spade' (hell. a. late); - ίον n. `bowl, cup' (com., hell. a. late), also as des. of a hair-dress (Ar., on the development of the meaning Solmsen Wortforsch. 203 ff. [disputable]), `barge' (Str., Hld.); - ίδιον n. `winnow, ship' (hell. a. late). 3. σκαφ-ίτης m. approx. `boatman' (Anon. ap. Demetr., Str.; Redard 44f.). 4. σκαφή f. `the digging' (hell. pap. a.o., Hdn. Gr. 1, 345), also `grave' (Bithynia; or σκάφη ?); often prefixcompp., esp. κατασκαφ-ή, often pl. - αί `tomb, demolition, destruction' (trag., also Att. prose); adj. κατασκαφ-ής `butied' (S.). 5. σκαφ-ιά f. `ditch, grave' (Halaesa Ia). 6. σκαφ-εύς m. `digger' (E., Archipp., hell. a. late; rather directly from σκάπτω than with Bosshardt 40 from σκαφή), also (from σκάφη) `dish, σκαφηφόρος' ( Com. Adesp.); from σκάφη also σκαφ-εύω `to empty in a trough' (Ctes., Plu.) with - ευσις (Eun.); besides - ευσις, - εία f. `the digging' (Suid.), - εῖον n. `shovel', also `bowl, cup' (= - ίον; youngatt. hell.) with - είδιον (Hdn. Epim.), - ευτής = fossor (Gloss.). 7. σκαφ-ητός m. `the digging' (Thphr., hell. a. late inscr. a. o.; after ἀλοητός a. o.), - ητροι pl. `id.' (pap. Ip); WestGr. (Delphi, Trozen a. o.) σκάπετος m. (Megara - πεδος; after δάπεδον, πέδον Solmsen Wortforsch. 196; not with Schwyzer 498 n. 13 "phonetical byform (play-)") `grave, tomb'; besides κάπετος `id.' (Il., Hp.), also `spade' (Gortyn)?, uncertain σκαπέτωσις `the digging' (Trozen). 8. σκαφαλος ἀντλητήρ H. (like πάσσαλος a.o.); λ-suffix also in σκαφλεύς = σκαφεύς (Athens IVa)?; Kumanudis Rev. de phil. 87, 99f. 9. σκαπ-άνη f. `shovel, spade' (Theoc., AP a. o.), also `excavation' (Thphr.), with - ανήτης m. `digger' (Zonar)., - ανεύς m. `id.' (Lyc., Phld., Str. a. o.; Bosshardt 68), - ανεύω `to dig up' (inscr. Magnesia [Epist. Darei], Phld. Rh.). 10. σκάμμα n. `the digging, ditch, place dug up' (Pl. Lg., hell. a. late). 11. περίσκαψις f. `the digging up' (pap. VIp, Gp.). 12. σκαπτήρ, - ῆρος m. `digger' (Margites, X. ap. Poll.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 107; 2, 55, Benveniste Noms d'agent 39), f. - τειρα (AP). 13. PN Σκαπτη ὕλη (Thrace; Hdt. a. o.) with Σκαπτησυλικός (Att. inscr.), - ίτης m. (St. Byz.); on the formaytion Schwyzer 452.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.XEtymology: As common basis of the above forms, which show an analogically levelled system, can serve both σκαπ- (with analog. σκαφ- after θάπτω: τάφος, ταφῆναι a. o.) and σκαφ- (with partly phonetical partly anal. σκαπ-). In the first case Italic gives the nearest connection in the relik Lat. scapulae, Umbr. scapla (acc. sg.) `shoulder(blade)', if prop. `shovel' as primary nom. agentis (cf. σκάφαλος above). In the latter case σκάπτω agrees formally to a widespread word for `plane, scratch etc.' in Lat. scăbō, Germ., e.g. OHG scaban, Lith. skabiù ( = σκάπτω; beside this skobiù, skõbti) `scoop out with the chisel, scraper v.t.', to which also Slav., e.g. Russ. skóbelь `plane-iron' etc. (s. W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer s. vv. w. lit.). Also σκάφη, σκάφος a. o. fit better with `plane, scoop out' than with `dig' (Solmsen Wortforsch. 196 ff. w. extensive treatment), without possibility to draw a clear limit. -- If one removes the s- as "movable" and assumes a vocalic variation ē̆: ō̆: ā̆, the etymological field becomes very large. If one goes even a step further and beside ( s)ke \/ o \/ a + p \/ bh- also accepyts a variant skē̆ip \/ b-, and considers that not only the above final consonants, but classifies also the varying vowels as formants or enlargements, we arrive at the `ideal' root sek- `cut etc.' (from which then also come sk-er- and sk-el-). Nobody believes, that such a "systematic" cutting up gives a right pisture of the linguistic processes. Old connections with κόπτω, perh. also with σκέπαρνος (s. vv. w. lit.; to this further still NPers. kāfađ `dig, split') a. cogn. with all kinds of crosses and deviations (!) may be possible, but cannot be demonstrated in detail. -- S. still σκήπτω and σκίπων. -- Frisk's discussion of σκάπτω is hopelessly dated; it refers clearly to Pok. 930 ff.; e.g. we now know that PIE did not have an ablaut e\/a; so the words with -e- must be omitted. I would strike the comparison with Lat. scapula (both for form and meaning). Also Lith. skobiù, skõbti, as Greek has no form with long ā. I think that the forms ( σ)κάπετος (s.v.) may be Pre-Greek, and so the other forms with σκαπ-; as also σκάφαλος and the strange σκαφλεύς. The other forms seem based on * skabh-, as in Lat. scabō and Germ., e.g. OHG scaban. I suggest that this form is a loan of a Eur. substratum.Page in Frisk: 2,718-720Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάπτω
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12 Έρῑνῡς
Έρῑνύ̄ς, -ύοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: name of a revenging god(dess), orig. perh. the revenging soul of the the murdered man; appellativ. `revenge, curse' (Il.), name of Demeter in Arcadia (Antim., Call., Paus. 8, 25, 6).Other forms: On the length of the υ see LSJ. Εριννυς rejected by LSJDialectal forms: Myc. Erinu.Derivatives: ἐρινυώδης `like the E.' (Plu.); ἐρινύω = θυμῳ̃ χρῆσθαι (Arc., Paus. l. c., EM), cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 390.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Uncertain; diff. proposals: to ἔρις, ὀρίνω (Solmsen KZ 42, 230 n. 2), to Skt. ríṣyati `be damaged' (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 35, Prellwitz KZ 47, 187); to Skt. roṣati, ruṣyati `be unpleasant, be angry' with dissimilation υ-υ to ι-υ (Froehde BB 20, 187f.); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 9, 233. Etym. from Sanskrit are improbable - A connection with the mythical stallion Έρίων ( Άρίων, ΌρίϜων; Bechtel Dial. 1, 349; s. also v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 399f.) requires further demonstration. - On the Erinyes Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 100f. - It is to be expected that the name is Pre-Greek. Cf. Herter, Lexis 3(1954)232 and Arena, Helikon 6 (1966)144f. Neumann, Sprache 32 (1986) 43-51 proposes * eri-snh₁-u- `who provokes struggle', from * sneh₁- as in νεῦρον. This would give, however, * eri-san-u- \> * eri-(h)anu-; this could be avoided by assuming that the laryngeal was lost in the compound. But does `provoke struggles' fit? Heubeck, Glotta 64 (1986), who accepts Neumann, answers no; (in fact he says that such a meaning "zwar nicht restlos geschwunden, aber doch... weitgehend zurückgedrängt worden ist", p. 164. The Erinyes have nothing to do with ἔρις, and the proposal cannot be correct; their primary function is to punish. So there is no good IE etymology and the word will be Pre-Greek. (The ending -ῡς would have to be from - uH-s, i.e. - u-h₂- (there is no suffix - uH-_), but Motionsfem. of this type in Greek are not known). I think that the ending is Pre-Greek. Also the variation ν\/νν may represent a palatal (phoneme) ny (cf. ly in Α᾽χιλ(λ)εύς; for the phenomenon see Beekes, Pre-Greek B 1).Page in Frisk: 1,559Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Έρῑνῡς
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